Compare and Contrast the Classical and Positivist School

Compare and contrast the ideas of Classical criminologist (e. g. Beccaria and Bentham) with those of the early Positivist (e. g. Lombroso, Ferri Garofolo). IntroductionDuring the mid to late seventeenth century explanations of crime and punishment were embraced by many philosophers Thomas Hobbs (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) and such theorist as Beccaria (1738), an Italian who was highly recognised by his great success through his essay ’Dei delitti e delle pene’ (On Crimes and Punishment) publicised in translations of 22 languages, effectively leaving huge impressions on the legal thoughts on members of the European and US society (Hopkins Burke 2009), developing the theory of ‘Classical criminology’ and Lombroso (1835) an Italian psychiatrist and a physician who brought forth the theory of the ‘Positivist’s criminology’. This essay will present the two contrasting theories within criminology, these are ‘the Classical’ and ‘the Positivist’ theory of criminology, presenting a brief introduction to each school of thought with the theories and their theorist, comparisons will drawn presenting contrasts to each theory’s principle, with their methodological, scientific and philosophical approaches to crime, with the same aim to reduce and control crime. Hale,C. ,et al (2005 p. 62).The school of thought ‘Classical criminology’ developed during the times of enlightenment through the ideas of a theorist named Cesare Beccaria (1738-94), who studied crimes, criminal behaviour and punishments, with beliefs that those who commit crime hold responsibility for themselves and are uninfluenced by external factors building the foundations for other successful proponents and advocates such as Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909), an Italian psychiatrist aspirant who presented theoretical explanations to crime and criminality though scientific methodolo gy adapting the contrasting theory of the positivist Contrastingly, the positivist school believed that the decisions people make when committing a crime are principally affected by ‘means' out of their control. These ‘means' that affect an individual's condition to make rational decisions can be based on physical, that is for example their race, social, such as weak social bonds at school or the amily, biological, that is having genetic abnormalities and psychological factors such as mental health disorders (Pond p. 23).. Through Beccarias’ observational studies witnessed many discrepancies within the government and public affairs, and ostracized the inhumanity and inequality shown to individuals within society, where the punishment of crimes were judged on the social status of an individual (Hopkins Burke 2001). Beccaria believed the ‘Criminal as Calculator’ highlighting the importance that every criminal is an individual and is aware of what is goo d from bad, what is right from wrong, understanding definitions of criminal behaviour in society therefore each individual is competent n the calculations that he or she makes, presenting the notion of ‘Free will Choice’ and the ‘Hendonistic Calculas’ principle where the distinct actions of an individual are measured through a pleasure and pain scale, with this Beccaria made further contributions towards Bentham’s theory of Ulitiarianism (which is based on the assumption that the ultimate aim of all human activity is happiness), disputing that creating new legislations indicating that a clear law should set out which is easily deciphered by its societal members to understand and set by legislators, Beccaria views that the prevention of crime is better than the punishment, however, punishment must be dealt with swiftly not limiting or exceeding what is necessary for the prevention and deterrence of crime, therefore resulting in the greater happiness o f the majority (McLaughlin and Muncie, 2006), however there should be impartial judges fixing strict punishments in proportion to the seriousness of the crime, for example, petty crimes and theft should be dealt with fixed fines and penalties and more serious crimes administered with corporal punishment and labour (Hopkins Burke, 2009).With this Beccaria developed further studies within the ‘Social contract’ theory, the voluntary agreement of the members of an organised society and its government securing mutual protection and welfare regulating the relation among its members, explaining that the previous methods of torture through capital punishment was unnecessary, he deemed these barbaric and inhumane, through this Beccaria began developing ideas that the crime itself should be dealt with efficiently not the criminal, thus the individual should be penalised for the crime committed. Each and every individual member of society whether an abiding member or criminal has equal rights and this always remains.Beccaria’s classical school of thought brought about scholars Bentham (1748) an English juror and philosopher who defensively argued that punishment should be a deterrent for criminals, that penalties be fixed to inflict the sum of pain in surfeit of the pleasure that had derived from the criminal act (Hale, Hayward Wahidin and Wincup, 2005) and Howard (1726) who was influential upon Prison reform (1779), However crime and criminal behaviour continuing to present itself still necessitated explanations as to why crime was still on the uprise Lombroso provided foundations for many other proponents such Ferri (1856), a biologist who wrote a new penal code for Mussolini which was instantly revoked due to his positivist approach and Garofolo (1852). Conclusion References Hopkins Burke, R. (2009) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, (3rd ed. ) Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing Hale, C,. Hayward, K,. Wahidin, A and Wincup, E. (2005) Crimi nology, Great Britain: Oxford University Press

“Jane Eyre” and “Hard Times” as Bildungsroman Novels Essay

The traditional Bildungsroman novel is autobiographical in form and displays similarities with the author’s own life, mostly with regard to childhood experiences. The novel displays a single individuals growth and development within the context of a defined social order. In most cases the protagonist is orphaned and experiences some form of loss or discontentment in order to spur them away from the family home or setting. The education of the main character is another aspect, which is crucial to their growth and development within the novel. It states in Todd (1980; 161) 1. that? ‘Ideally Bildungsroman heroes, who continue to pursue their own adolescent ideals and inclinations, are expected to conform eventually to a predetermined identity and become integrated with the society whose values are creating and molding them’. Charles Dickens wrote Great Expectations and described Pips childhood experiences in great detail. It has been argued that most of the child characters Dickens portrayed in his novels resembled that of his own childhood experiences. Like Pip, Dickens received very little in the way of formal education. Charlotte Bronte uses many similarities in Jane Eyre that could be argued resemble her own experiences. She too like that of Jane was the daughter of a clergyman and was sent to a school called Norwood, which bares many similarities with that of Lowood. She also became a governess and this suggests that her own experience of a middle class working woman fighting to find a place in Victorian society was used to express her own views of life in that of Jane Eyre. In Great Expectations, Pip is typical of the main character in a Bildungsroman novel, as he is an orphan. Pip is brought up in a working class environment with his older sister and her husband, Joe Gargery. Pip rejects Joe as a substitute father and looks on him as more of a friend. This is evident in the passage when Joe states?’you and me is always friends’ (12;ch.2) 2. The absence of a father figure for Pip reinforces the need for him to find some sense of identity and belonging in society. The possibility of a better life becomes apparent to Pip on his first meeting with Estella and Mrs. Haversham at Satis House. It is at this stage in the novel that Pip realises for the first time that he is of a lower social status. It is evident that Pip is aware of his social status when he says ‘I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before; but I began to consider them a very different pair’ (60;ch.8) 3. In Jane Eyre, once again the main character is typical of the Bildungsroman. Jane is an orphan living with her relatives, the Reeds. However she is brought up in a middle class society but is reminded that she is an outcast. Jane’s struggle with her identity and place in society began before she was born, with her mother marrying a poor clergyman, who was considered beneath her by her family. Jane also experiences conflict within class structures in society. This is evident when the Reeds attempt to bully and suppress Jane at every opportunity they can, reminding her that she has no money that she can rightfully call her own. Jane’s struggle is not only to find a place in society but also to find a place in society as a woman. Jane is aware from an early age that she has no power as a female of her social status, while John Reed is fully aware of his importance as a male. Thus Jane’s educational growth begins when she is unjustly locked in the red room at Gateshead and is sent away to Lowood to be educated. Once again although Jane receives a formal education, she embarks on her own educational growth in life towards maturity and finding an acceptable place in society. Jane’s struggle and discontentment is evident in the various stages of the novel. Firstly as already stated at Gateshead and again at Lowood, where she was subjected to terrible humiliation and degradation at the hands of the Reverend Brocklehurst. It seems that Bronte was suggesting that all men in society, even holy men, treated woman unjustly. Even Jane’s relationship with Rochester at Thornfield remind Jane that as a middle class woman, who had to earn her own living, she did not fit into conventional society. Being a governess meant that Jane was educated to the extent of a lady but being  paid a salary put her almost at the level of the servants. Even though Jane loves Rochester she is not prepared to become his mistress, as he is already married to Bertha, leaving Jane no alternative but to leave Thornfield to embark on the next stage of her journey within the novel. It is clear that she was searching for her own identity when she states to Rochester? ‘I tell you I must go?Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think that I am an automaton? ?a machine without feelings? And can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong’ (252;ch 23) 4. Whilst at Moor House, Jane’s relationship with St John Rivers, once again reminds Jane of her status within society. She is not in love with St John and he is not with her but he still tries to repress Jane by expecting her to marry him and accompany him as a missionary’s wife to Africa. Jane is not prepared to marry him and is well aware of the implications if she is to go away with him, as a friend. Although Jane struggles to find her rightful place in society she always believes that she is equal to those around her. Pip’s education begins not in the formal sense of the word but within his own personal growth. He feels sure that if he were to become a gentleman, it would make him a better person and he would better himself within society. His ultimate goal is to become a gentleman and win Estella’s love. It is this desire that makes Pip unhappy with his life at the forge and the prospect of becoming a mere blacksmith. Pip’s education was very limited and although he was sent to evening school whilst he apprenticed to Joe, he learnt more in terms of a formal education from Biddy. He states?’At last I began, in a purblind groping way, to read, write and cipher’ (44;ch7) 5. Pip’s education is again typical of the Bildungsroman in that he is unassisted and self-educated. His desire to leave the forge is fulfilled when he is visited by Mr. Jaggers, who tells Pip of his inheritance and the  mysterious benefactor, whom Pip believes is Miss Haversham. This becomes evident in the novel when Pip states?’Miss Haversham was going to make my fortune on a grand scale’ (138;ch18) 6. This change from poor working class to a rich gentleman is once again typical of the Bildungsroman but not in the traditional sense. Usually a man has to work to earn his money and become a gentleman, which is contrary to the way that Pip has earned his fortune. Pip’s inheritance changes Pip from a likeable innocent character into one that desires unrealistic expectations for his life. Due to his good fortune, Pip now looks down on his family as beneath him and considers Joe to be common and uneducated. This is evident when he tells Biddy that Joe? ‘Is rather backward in some things. For instance in his learning and his manners’. (148;ch19) 7. Jane’s material wealth is once again inherited but this is in the final stages of her development as a character within the novel. This is where the similarities end between Jane and Pip, concerning money. Jane is fully aware of the value of money since she has had to work to provide for herself. By inheriting she manages to secure her rightful place in society. Pip however does not know the true value of money and thinks that it is the answer to all his problems. His snobbery becomes evident when he realises that his true benefactor is Magwitch, the convict, who he encounters in the first stage of the novel. On realising this fact he is disgusted that his benefactor is a murderer, a twist in the novel, which seems to teach Pip a lesson about gentleman in society. Pip realises that money does not make you a gentleman and real gentleman have qualities, which money cannot buy. Once again as seen with Jane Eyre, Pip leaves his home to embark on a journey of education, leaving the forge, which is situated, on the marshes, near the Thames for London. Again this conforms to the typical Bildungsroman novel, where the main character will embark on a journey, usually leaving a small provincial town for the big city, in order to find his trade or occupation. Often this will be a disappointing experience, where hopes and dreams are shattered and a realisation of what they had left behind them was not so bad. Although with Pip he does not work when he gets to London, Jane has to  work as a governess in order to survive. It is in London that Pip embarks on the next stage of his educational growth, in order to find his real self. Pip squanders his money socialising in order to establish himself as a gentleman but by doing this he only succeeds in getting himself and his roommate, Herbert Pocket into serious financial difficulty. Pip feels sure that Mrs. Haversham intends him to marry Estella and the realisation that this is not so, does not enter Pip’s head until his encounter with Magwitch in London. Pip states?’Miss Haversham’s intentions towards me, all a mere dream; Estella not designed for me; I only suffered in Satis House as a convenience.’ (323;ch39) 8. Once again the similarity with Jane becomes apparent in that Pip experiences disappointment in matters of love. This conforms to the Bildungsroman, where the individual will encounter love affairs or sexual encounters within their educational journey, which are disastrous. In the final stages of the novel there is usually, according to the traditional Bildungsroman, a lesson to be learned before the character is fully matured. Pip learns just how wrong he was about what qualities make a true gentleman. This is apparent when he finds out his benefactor is Magwitch, the murderer. Although at first this was a shock for Pip, he realises just how much Magwitch has sacrificed for him by returning to England and risking capture by the police. Pip also feels guilty about the way he has snubbed Joe when he came to see him in London and the fact that he felt ashamed of him. This embarrassment was evident when he stated that?’If I could have kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money’ (218;ch27) 9. Pip realises the error of his ways and tries to make amends by helping Magwitch escape his captures. He also finds out that Estella is Magwith’s daughter, which is ironic as Estella frowned upon the working classes, only to be the offspring of something far worse, a criminal. Although Magwitch dies, Pip was by his side and gave him comfort in his last hours. After his illness he returns to the forge to Joe and Biddy, penniless since the crown  reclaimed his inheritance. He has learnt a valuable lesson and has come full circle by returning to his roots without a penny, fully matured and understanding the real qualities of a gentleman. Jane also returns to her roots by attending the side of her Aunt Reed at her deathbed, only to find that the Reeds have suffered and lost most of their wealth at the hands of John Reed. John Reed has received his comeuppance and died at an early age. When Jane inherits her Uncle’s money and discovers who her real family are, she returns to Rochester only to find out that he has been maimed in the fire at Thornfield. It seems that Jane has also returned to her past to find happiness with Rochester. She is now a lady and is accepted as Rochester’s wife in society. Jane had to be a woman in her own right in order to be able to conform to society. Although Jane has fought for most of her life against the social order, in the end she does not challenge but upholds the values of society. Dickens and Bronte both express strong opinions in their novels about Victorian society. Dickens implies through the development of Pip that middle class values were hypocritical. He suggests that moral values such as generosity and kindness were far more important than being rich and powerful. Dickens reinforces this by allowing Pip to become rich and then lose his money. If Dickens had allowed Pip to stay wealthy, then he would not have been able to emphasise his point to the reader. He also questions moral values through the character of Magwitch. He illustrates that people of low social status are capable of possessing better qualities than that of the rich and powerful, who were considered to be far superior as human beings. By doing this he goes one step further and insinuates that the justice system is corrupt. He does this through the character of Magwitch, who is killed at the hands of the law and possesses the qualities that Dickens promotes. Bronte suggests that patriarchal society was hypocritical since men preached values that they could not uphold themselves. The rules were made by men and were allowed to be broken by men. Rochester is allowed to take mistresses, which is accepted in society but if had Jane become his mistress, she would  have been considered an immoral woman. Brocklehurst expected the patrons of his school to look plain, yet his own wife and children were decked with frills and curls. Bronte suggests that Victorian society promoted values that were one sided and treated women unjustly.

Can Failure Lead to Success

A transient feeling of doubt may come across after or during the breakdown, but learning to be optimistic in such situations will abet one to learn from the wrong-doing and make better of themself. Any obstacle to stand in someone’s way of acquiring success is simply just a nudge in a different direction. Failure gives you the opportunity to come back stronger and braver. You are given a chance to work even harder than you did in the past. Assiduity and confidence is the key to picking up from any debacle that may influence you to give up. Imagine interviewing for a job that seemed like the best out there for you, but you didn’t get it. However, another job comes up that pays more and fits more comfortably for your schedule. A frustration of decline suddenly becomes something gained. Everything will soon be put into its’ right place, which is something pivotal to remember when you are in a struggle. Now that you have undergone such a negative time period of failure, you have been given a learning experience. Your stream of thought has been influenced and enriched. It is easier to develop new and different ideas, being that you must erase previous concepts. Make a new approach, take a risk, or test out something new to see a change in what you have done. All you have room left for is improvement, so doubting yourself will lead you nowhere. Learn from the mistakes that you have made in order to never run into them again on your road to success. Think of your downfalls as different plans that didn’t work out, rather than complete failures with no advantage. There are always things to learn, ways to grow, and new opportunities waiting for you. Failure can very well lead to success, but it all depends on you. Don’t be pessimistic when you must make new attempts in different situations. Be the best you can be so that your efforts can shine through in your work. Desire to succeed is much greater at this point, meaning you can truly stay focused on your goals. Viewing failure as the end of your road is the biggest mistake of all. Simply consider it the beginning of something potentially better. Can Failure Lead to Success A transient feeling of doubt may come across after or during the breakdown, but learning to be optimistic in such situations will abet one to learn from the wrong-doing and make better of themself. Any obstacle to stand in someone’s way of acquiring success is simply just a nudge in a different direction. Failure gives you the opportunity to come back stronger and braver. You are given a chance to work even harder than you did in the past. Assiduity and confidence is the key to picking up from any debacle that may influence you to give up. Imagine interviewing for a job that seemed like the best out there for you, but you didn’t get it. However, another job comes up that pays more and fits more comfortably for your schedule. A frustration of decline suddenly becomes something gained. Everything will soon be put into its’ right place, which is something pivotal to remember when you are in a struggle. Now that you have undergone such a negative time period of failure, you have been given a learning experience. Your stream of thought has been influenced and enriched. It is easier to develop new and different ideas, being that you must erase previous concepts. Make a new approach, take a risk, or test out something new to see a change in what you have done. All you have room left for is improvement, so doubting yourself will lead you nowhere. Learn from the mistakes that you have made in order to never run into them again on your road to success. Think of your downfalls as different plans that didn’t work out, rather than complete failures with no advantage. There are always things to learn, ways to grow, and new opportunities waiting for you. Failure can very well lead to success, but it all depends on you. Don’t be pessimistic when you must make new attempts in different situations. Be the best you can be so that your efforts can shine through in your work. Desire to succeed is much greater at this point, meaning you can truly stay focused on your goals. Viewing failure as the end of your road is the biggest mistake of all. Simply consider it the beginning of something potentially better.

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What Did the Habsburg Empire Do in Central Europe During the 16th Century Essay Example for Free

What Did the Habsburg Empire Do in Central Europe During the 16th Century Essay The Habsburg Empire during the 16th century in central Europe was a very important and influential act throughout Europe because they have mainly ruled many territories and had made a great success towards it. During the 16th century, the Habsburg Empire in central Europe was a ruler family of Austria, for many centuries they have ruled several lands of Europe, and had a numerous amount of superb leaders throughout the Empire. The Empire provided the dukes and archdukes of Austria and was ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg from 1278 to 1780. While the Habsburgs were ruling other parts of Europe, the Holy Roman Empire, which took place in this act, was under the control of the Habsburgs. In the 16th century, there were many great and powerful leaders throughout the Empire such as Charles V. The Habsburg Empire was a family who ruled Austria during the 16th century. It was amazingly ruled by the Austrian branch of the Habsburg and also included the dukes and archdukes of Austria. The Habsburgs were founded by Albert, Count Of Habsburg, in 1153. Not only were the emperors of the Habsburgs Austrian, but also were emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1438 to 1806. The imperial capital of the Empire was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1691; when it was moved to Prague. The â€Å"Habsburg Empire† also might refer to the extended Habsburg family possessions that were once ruled by the magnificent Charles V, who he was the Holy Roman Emperor. â€Å"By the sixteenth century, the imperial title was hereditary†, which was allowing the Habsburg dominion to expand over Europe, but not only through military conquest but through marriage. The Habsburg Empire had lots of things to do with marriage. Austria was a whole monarchy, which meant that the Habsburg dynasty included the Spanish branch. The dynasty first gained its power in the year, 1278 when Rudolf of Habsburg seized the Alpine dukes of Austria and Styria. The Habsburgs still held the title of the Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740. The Empire ruled variety parts of Europe as in the kingdoms during the 16th century. The territories that were controlled by the branch changed over centuries. The Habsburgs ruled the south as in inner Austria, which included the nearby duchies of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola. Gorizia, Istria, and Trieste extended the realm to the Adriatic Sea. The Country of Tyrol, the Vorarlberg, and the Vorlande were often grouped together as† Further Austria†. The Hapsburgs ruled each of these territories individually. â€Å"The five Bohemian crown lands had existed of Habsburg rule for close to five hundred years. † Many kingdoms were ruled as the kingdoms of Croatia, Slovenia, and Transylvania. The Ottoman Empire and the Princes of vassal Ottoman Transylvania conquered two thirds of the former territory that was administered by the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, while the Habsburg administration was restricted to the western and northern territories of the former kingdom. The Spanish line of the Habsburgs took control over Habsburg Spain and many other territories from the 15 hundreds and so on. During this century, there were many powerful and splendid leaders throughout the Empire. Some of the leaders who were present during the century were Rudolf II, Matthias, Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III, Leopold I, Charles V, and Maxmillian I. Charles V was known for his brilliance and an outstanding emperor. He owned great family estates in Austria. â€Å"Emperor Charles V was one of the most important ruling personalities in European History. † He was the Duke of Burgundy who ruled the Netherlands and Franche- Comte. He was also the King of Spain, which he was included in the Master of Aragon, Castile, Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily and Southern Italy. For the first time in history, Europe became the center of a world empire. Maxmillian I had expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and established the Habsburg dynasty as a European power. He was an archduke of Austria and an addition to that; he was a German king and a Holy Roman Emperor. Maxmillian I made his family and the Habsburgs dominant in the 16th century. He also added many lands to Austria, securing the Netherland by his own marriage, Hungry and Bohemia by treaty and military pressure, and Spain and the Spanish Empire by the marriage of his son. The Habsburg Empire during the 16th century in central Europe was a ruler family of Austria, they ruled many parts of Europe, and had many great leaders of the Empire. The astonishing Empire was a princely family that included dukes and archdukes of Austria, which also was founded by Albert, the Count Of Habsburg. The Habsburgs were Holy Roman Emperors from 1438 to 1806 and they also provided rulers of Austria, Hungary, Spain, Bohemia, modern Belgium, and the Netherlands, as well as several other areas. They have ruled inner Austria and â€Å"Further Austria† which was a group for the Country of Tyrol, the Vorarlberg, and the Vorlande. There were magnificent leaders throughout the centuries as well as Charles V and Maxmillian I. Some questions that come to mind would be that; did the Hapsburg family ever take part outside of Europe? Were the Spanish Hapsburgs and the Austrian Hapsburg ever part of a United State or were they just allied? The Habsburg Empire was a very important act throughout history as they expanded their power through shrewd marriages, acquiring ruler ship over possessions in the late 15th century, and Spain in the early 16th century this way and also by having great leaders who ruled the Empire intensely.

Accident that change My Life Forever

Accident that change My Life Forever An Accident that change My Life Forever â€Å"A little learning can be a dangerous thing.† (-Alexander Pope) Popes statement is explaining having too much knowledge may be dangerous, such as the invention of weapons. I never realize what a simple task my mother has explain to me many times could save my life. I still did not look both ways before going across the street, even though my mom said. â€Å"Look both ways while crossing the street, no matter if it is your turn.† I learned my lesson not listening to my mom. Now every time crossing the street, I look back to the day of the accident. In September 2002, my life change dramatically. On the way to school I got hit by a van while crossing the street. I was only in the 8th grade. From this car accident I experienced a lot of physical problems. This experience has taught me a valuable lesson to teach my daughter when she gets old enough to cross the street, but has took valuable bonding time away from us. On September 2002 the beginning of the school year, I was riding my bike to school. When it was time to cross a busy street I pushed the cross walk button. When it was my turn, I jumped on my bike and started to petal, suddenly I saw an old tan van coming my way. The sun shined through the drivers windshield into his eyes. The vehicle pushed me about fifty feet from the cross walk. The driver stopped and stepped out and said. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I am very sorry the sun was in my eyes as I was turning.† Two construction guys wearing bright orange shirts came up to me and one of them said. â€Å"Would you like to call your parents on my cell?† They told me that they seen everything that happened. The guy who hit into me called the police. I just wanted to go to school and forget everything. After the police came and took both sides of the story, I started to walk with my bike. My bike had a bent tire and was it was rubbing against the frame. I kicked it to straighten it out and got back on my bike and rode t o school. When I got there the police was talking to the principal about the accident. After they finished talking to the principal, the staff called my mother to pick me up. I was scared of getting into trouble. There were tears rolling down my face. I was going to be grounded forever. After all I did not get any consequences. My mother was to worry that there was anything physically wrong with me. After a few hours later, my mother decided we needed to see a doctor. Six hours after seeing Dr. Chang, he explained how I was going to need some pain medicine for the bruised ribs I sustained. A week prior to my doctor visit, Dr Chang read my X-Ray exams only to find out I had a bulging and deteriorating disk. Disks are the soft gelatinous material that cushions the vertebrae of the spine. In my back where the disk were providing me cushion is now friction between the bony vertebras which creates inflammation. A bulging disk is a condition in the spine. A bulging disk occurs when the disk shifts out of its normal radius and most often occurs with ageing, but happen to me very young. There was a law suit and I closed it in November 2008 for 7,000 dollars. My back causes me to have a lot of pain throughout my body. I have gone through physical therapy. I have gone to the chiropractor many times. I got prescribed pain medication, but no longer take it anymore. I have learned pain medic ation will destroy my body in the long run. My physical problem affects my daughter because it is hard to hold her all the time. She cries when I am not able to hold her under my arm when we are going to bed every night. Once she gets older she will understand why I wasnt able to do certain things for her. We have lost some valuable time together and I hope we can gain it back through the years to come. Even though, she may not able to remember I wasnt able to hold her as much. I would like to explain to her why because it will keep her safer. I will make sure to tell her this story when I am telling her to look both ways before crossing the street. I believe it will help her understand why I am going to tell her a million times every day. I didnt know why. I just crossed the street because I didnt have no knowledge what can happen to me, but she will. Back to Popes statement, knowledge could be a dangerous thing because if vehicles were not invented I most likely would not have thi s physical problem. I would also be able to hold her much as she wants me and be able to do anything for her. The positive thing that came out of this experience, I can tell my daughter about a valuable lesson learned I cannot blame this on technology. I still should have listened to my mother. I hope my daughter does not have to say the same thing.